Khataraha argagixisadu ku hayaan wadamada afirka ayaa ah mid cuuryaaminaya  dadaalada ay qaaradu ugu jirto sidii ay ugaari lahayd ajandayaasheed dhanka horumarinta qaarada oo lajaan qaadi kara  dunida casriga. Dadaaladaas ayaa  ah  sidii hoos loogu dhigi lahaa ama loo yarayn lahaa caqabadaha dhaqan dhaqaale, amni  iyo bulsho ee sida xun u saameeyey inta badan nolosha  bulshada qaarada ee aadka u liita . ama ah  kuwa nugul dhibaatooyinka dabiiciga ah ama kuwa aan dabiiciga ahaynba .

Duruufaha qalafsan ee ladariska ah bulshooyinka qaarada Africa yaa ah kuwo  sii daciifinaya  awooda bulshada, waxayna noqonayaan kuwo unugul amaba  khatar u yihiin inay ku biiraan, ama gacan siiyaan ururada xagjirka ah iyo kuwa argagixisada ah.

Warbixin ay qortay xarunta ( African Centre for the Study and Reseach on Terrorism )  bartamaha sanadkan 2022  ayaa sheegtay in intii u dhaxaysay Janaayo – 30 Jun 2022 ay qaarada ka dheceen in ka badan 699 weerar ayna kadhasheen qasaaro dhimasho oo gaaraya 5412.

xarunta ayaa iftiimisay in ficilada kooxaha argagixisada ay caalama ka gaystaan in boqolkiiba 48% ay ka dhacaan  afrika.  soomaalida ku waxyeeloobay ficilada guracan ee argagixisada ayaa tiro ahaan kaaraya boqolkiiba 18% marka labarbar dhigo dalalka Burkiina Faso,Mali iyo Nayjar. Balse waxa kabadan dalka afganistaan oo boqolkiiba 20% ay yihiin dadka kule`day ficilada argagixisada.

weerarada argagixisada ee kusii baahaya Afrika waxay abuuraysaa welwel kale oo ah sida ay qaaradu u xaqiijinkarto yoolka uruka midawga afrika oo ah in qaaradu noqoto meel ka caagan dhawaqa qoriga 2030 , maadaama ay ku guul daraysatay inay xaqiijyo gaarista yoolkan 2020.

Waxaynu ku noolnahay duni ay ka dhacayaan isbadalo waaweyn, sidoo kale waxaa isbadalaya hab dhaqanka ururada argagixisada marka laga eego dhanka ilaha dhaqaalaha ay ka helaan, dadka ay adeegsadaan iyo xirfadaha ( Techniques)iyo sidookale tabaha ama qalabka ay u adeegsadaan inay ku fuliyaan weeraradooda. Isbadala noocaan ah ayaa kadhigaya kuwo ka dhib badan ama ay adagtahayba in lafahmo qaababka iyo tabaha ay ufulinayaa hawlgaladooda waxshnimada ah . sidaas awgeed waxaa qasab ku ah hay`adaha nabadsugiga ( Intelligences ) iyo kuwa Amniga inay noqdaan kuwo u diyaarsan awoodna u leh  inay la falgalaan kooxahaas cadawga ah ee abaabulan, korna u qaadaan dareenkooda iyo garaadkooda ,  waana muhiim in wadamada qaaradu ay qaadaan talaabooyin cad cad oo wax ku ool ah oo ah inay dib u habayn ku sameeyaan dhinacyada xoojinta awooda iyo tayada dadka ka howlgalaya hay`adahaas noqdaana  kuwa u diyaarsan dejinta istiraatijiyadaha dhanka aruurinta xogaha, xuuraansiga wararka , falanqayntooda iyo in sihufan loofaaqido xogahaas, noqdaana hay`adadha amnigu  kuwa awood u leh isdhaafsiga xogaha waqtiga ku haboon iyo go`aan ka qaadashadooda,  sidoo okale waa muhiim inla adeegsato xirfadaha caadiga ah iyo kuwa aan caadiga ahayn si looga hortago loona fashiliyo weeraada ka imaankara kooxaha argagixisada .

maalgalinta iyo tayeynta hay`adaha amniga ee dalka waxay caawinaysaa dhismaha hay`ado leh adkaysi si xooganna uga hortagi kara  argagixisada iyo ficil kasta oo khatar ku ah amniga dalkaas.

Tayeynta iyo kor u qaadista awooda fulineed ee hay`adaha amniga waxayka bilaabanaysaa in lagaguuro habdhaqankii hore ee  mudo lagu soo dhaqmayey sida tababaradii hore ee waqtigoodu dhacay , manhajkii la adeegsan jiray , istiraatiyadihii hore ama tabayaashii ama xeeladihii hore iyo qalabkaba, loona guuro tabo, xeelado ,cilmi iyo qalabyo cusub oo casri ah.

Casriyeynta  hay`adaheenna sirdoonka iyo kuwa amnigu waa inay ahaadaan kuwa aqoon durugsan u leh isticmaalka tignoolajiyada amniga qalab ahaan tababar ahaan. Sidoo kale ciidan qoristu ku salaysnaataa yaa mudan ee aysan ku salaysnaan (( Yaa wata )) Sidoo kale waa in dib uhabayn lagu sameeyo qaab dhismeedka xarumaha hay`daha laguna daraa kooxaha loo yaqaan ((Red Teams )) oo  madax banana.  Si ay u aruuriyaan xogaha sirdoonada kale iyo falanqayntooda.

Waana muhiim in hay`adha amniga laga shaqaalaysiiyo dal leh hal abuur iyo curin oo kor u qaadi kara awooda waxqabad iyo wax tar ee hay`adahaas.

Marka ay timaado arinta ciidan qorista ama ciidan qaadashada waxaa cad inay jiri karaan faragalin siyaasadeed , laakiin waxaa marag madoonta ah marka hay`adaha sirdoonka iyo amnigu ay hawlgaliyaan dad leh sooyaalo kaladuwan waxay noqonayaan kuwa awood uleh inay sahlan uga hortagaan khataraha iyo mu`aamaraadka cadawga argagixisada si waxku ool ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee hadii eex iyo anuu ixigaa ay noqoto kuwa leh mudnaan marka laqaadanayo ciidan ama ay jirto hawlgalo , taasi waxay noqonaysaa mid cuuryaaminaysa hawgalka sirdoonka iyo kuwa amniga mana noqondoonaan kuwa waxtar leh .

Waxaana horay looyiri in lahelo hay`ad sirdoon oo sax ah ma u baahna oo kaliya  lahaanshaha awood xog aruurin, la taxliiliyo xogahaas oo lala wadaago xafiisyada ay quseeyaan si loo qaato go`aan fulineed, balse waxaa muhiim ah in hay`ada sirdoonku lahaadaan awood ay ku arki karto khataraha soo socda ee lidka ku ah amniga qaranka .

Sidaa darted,qaadashada sirdoon ku salaysan yaa mudan  (( merit –based requirement)) oo ka bixi kara hawlaha sirdoonka,  kana kala yimid goobo  ama hay`ado kala duwan waa sida ay sameeyaan inta badan hay`adha sirdoonka casriga ahi taasi waxay xoojinaysaa awooda hay`adahaas iyo  inay si waxku ool ah uga falceliyaan hawlgalada muuqda iyo kuwa qarsoon taasoo siinaysa karti iyo awood ay ugu dhex milmi karaan canaasirta argagixisada ayna yeeshaan awood ay si fudud ay kala furufuri karaan awooda dhaqaale iyo cudud ee ay ku fulinkaraan weeraro ay canaasirta argagixisadu wax ku yeeli karaan amniga dalka.

Waliba, marka aad haysato ama hawlgaliso sirdoon leh sooyaalo kaladuwan dhanka taxliilinta ama falanqaynta xogaha  taasina waxay caawinaysaa siyaasiyiinta si ay u  qaataan go`aano wax ku ool ah, soona saaraan sharciyo adag oo waxku oo amni sugida  u hiilinaya iyo  in wax laga qabto  sababaha asaasiga ah ee sababay inay dad qortaan ama helaan kuwo la dhacsan afkaarahooda xag jirka ah .

Arimaha aan kur ku xusnay waxaa sii adkeeyey hoosna ka xariiqay Toyin Adebole oo ah khabiir  Nigerian ah aqoon durugsana u leh  arimaha amniga iyo sirdoonka ayaa sheegay in caqabadaha amnigu ay sii ahaan doonaan kuwa nala deris ah mudo dheer waana, ‘’ marka qabiilka , fikradaha diineed iyo dareeno kale ay noqdaan kuwa saamaynta xoogan ku leh go`aanada istiraatijiyeed ee lagu magacaabayo kuwa maamulaya ama hawlgalinya hay`adaheena sirdoonka iyo amniga, kuwaasoo loo ogolaado inay fuliyaan mas`uuliyadooda si madax banana intabadan wada Africa.

badbaadada nolosha , hantida iyo amniga qaranku waa inay ahaadaan kuwo ku dhisan xirfad iyo aqoon, kana fogaadaan eex iyo nin jeclaysi si ay hay`adahaasi u noqdaan kuwo waxku ool ah oo hufan.

Dhanka kale,Adem Anthony oo ah khabiin amni oo Tanzaniya u dhashay ayaa yiri ‘’waa waajib in hay`adaha amnigu ay lahaadaan habdhaqan ah inay waxwalba oo ku saabsan amniga ay  waqti hore ka sii fekeraan , kana sii baaran degaan, ahaadaanna kuwa marwalba kafekera mustaqbalka waxa dhici kara , waayo caqabadaha amnigu maahan sidii hore , si aad ah ayey isubadaleen, sidaa si lamid ah waa in laamaha amniguna isubadlaan si ay ula falgalan una fashiliyaan tabaha iyo xeeladaha guracan ee argagixisada.

Macnaha guud, maadaama argagixisadu ay noqotay ifafaalo caalami ah   ( global phenomenon) oo ay kamid yihiin canaasir kala duwan oo wadamo kala duwan ka soo jeeda oo qayb ka ah ururadaas argagixisada . waa muhiin in hay`adaha sirdoonka lagu qalabeeyo wakiilo joogto ah iyo falanqeeyayaal awood u leh adeegsiga luqado kala duwan taasoo caawinaysa dadaalada lagu go`doominayo kooxaha argagixisada, sidoo kale fududaynaysa hababka aruurinta, falanqaynta ama taxliilinta macluumaadka laga helo argagixisada.

Ugu dambayn,awooda  sirdoonku u leeyahay  adeegsiga luqado kala duwan waxay xoojinaysaa iskaashi dhexmara laamaha sirdoonka ee gudaha dalka iyo qaaradaba. Sidaa awgeed maadaama aanu qarka u saaranahay inay dhamaato istiraatijiyadii Africa ee aamusinta qoriga 2030.     (strategy of  Silencing the Guns by 2030) waa arin ahmiyadeeda leh in afirca ay dib uhabayn fiican ku samayso hay`adaheeda sirdoonka iyo kuwa amniga hadii ladoonayo in lafuliyo istiraatijiyada qori aamusinta ee Africa ,waxna laga qabto ficilada guracan ee khatarta ku ah maniga Africa.

Hadii Africa ku fashilanto inay qaado talaabooyinka aanu soo xusnay oo runtii si xoogan u saamayndoontaa awooda , istiraatijiyada iyo ilihii dhaqaale ee loobaahnaa si loola dagaalamo argagixisada ku baahaysa qaarada .run ahaantiina xaqiijinta Africa oo nabad iyo barwaaqo ahna waxay u muuqan doontaa mid riyo ama khayaali  ah, iskaba daa in laxaqiiyo oo laga miro dhaliyo istiraatijiyadii ahayn in 2030 lagaaro Africa oo nabad ah oo xabdi ka dhacayn.

W/Q Axmed Suudaani

Lataliyaha koowaad Somali embassy Khartoum- Sudan.  

Waxaa dunida ku soo laba kacleeyay Xanuunka COVID19, Somalia waxay ka mid tahay dalalka uu dib ugu soo laaba kacleeyay Cudurka COVID19, Waxaa sare u kac ku yimid Number ka dadka laga helaayo xanuunka iyo sidoo kale warbixinnada ka imaanayo xarumaha Caafimaadka Guud iyo kuwa gaarka loo leeyahay ka helaynaa sare u kac ku yimid bukaanada la il daran calaamadaha xanuunka taas oo muujinayso .

Wasaarada Caafimaadka waxay dib u howl galisay gudiyada iyo tiirarka la tacaalida iyo xakameynta Caabuqa COVID19, waxay sidoo kale wasaarada caafimaadka dib u qaabayn ku sameesay hanaanka gurmadka iyo la tacaalida COVID19.

Waxaa si wanaagsan u shaqaynayaa xarunta wicitaanka dadwaynahay iyo Numberka Free ga a 449 oo ay dadwayanahay soo wici karaan xilli walba oo ay ka helayaan talo iyo ku xiriraan isbitaallada lagu dabiibayo COVID19.

Wasaarada Caafimaadka waxay dadaal dheeri ah ku bixinaysaa sare u qaadida baarita , Xoojinta wacyigalinta iyo tayaynta tabinta Qataraha.

Tirada guud  xogta COVID-19 dalka, laga soo billaabo  bisha March illaa November 2020

1 Tirada Guud ee labaaray Dalka 53,372
2 Tirada Guud laga helay dalka 4,382
3 Bogsashda guud ee dalka: 3,384
4 Dhimashada guud dadka u dhintay xanuunka 108

Xogta COVID-19 ee labaaray laga soo bilaabo  1st ilaa 17th November 2020:
Waxaa Labaray 5,509
Waxaa laga Lagahelay: 153
Waxaa Bogsootay 50
Waxaa u dhintay xanuuka: 1

Xogta oo Faahfaahsan
Banadir Somliland Puntland Koofur Galbeed Jubbaland Galmudug: Hirshabelle Wadarta Guud

Labaaray 2989 1,635 796 30 40 11 8 5509
Lagahelay 19 59 75 0 0 0 0 153
Bogsotay 14 0 25 0 9 2 0 50
Dhimash 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Fiiri Gaara:
Sida muuqata xaalddaha gobalka Banadir waxaa kor u qaaday xaaladaha noogala soo gudbiyay gudaha Xalane (Aden cade International Airport) – UNSOS medical Facility oo soo gudbisay  in ay baaritaan u sameeyeen 443 qofood,waxayna  xaqiijiyeen 257   kamid ah dadkaas la baaray in laga helay cudurka, taaso noqonaysa in 58% xaladaha uu baaray UNSOS medical Facility  laga helay Covid19.

The Turkish government employed outstanding strategies to tackle the virus during first phase. In the health sector, the availability of enough hospitals and health services led citizens regardless of class and age to access free 24 hours healthcare services, while other developed countries kept struggling to manage the breakout, helplessly unable to overcome the overcrowded patients and recommending people to stay home even if they are tested positive.

Although Turkey had many confirmed cases than Iran, and even China, making it the most affected country in the Middle East, togetherness of public-private hospitals made easy to tackle smoothly to the growing number of patients. Within a month, Istanbul Başakşehir City Hospital was launched and as Minister of health said “There is a variety of logistical facilities in the hospital with a medical area of 304 thousand square meters. In total, there are 725 examination rooms and 2682 patient beds. Each of these beds can also be used as intensive care beds, if needed.”, this were exceptional steps Ankara’s government has taken to prove it’s strong health system at the time when many have fallen to stand and sustain on their own foot.

Turkey’s key Anti-Covid-19 strategies

Tukey employed several strategies to contain the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. Fist, aggressive prevention. Total curfew was the last option. In social distancing, the government distributed nationwide free-of-cost masks in the wake of coronavirus pandemic and handHYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitizer” HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitizer”sanitizeHYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitizer”rHYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitizer”s are available in public stations. Turkey’s COVID19 curfew has been installed carefully to avoid adding fuel to the situation in hand.

Second is avoiding socio-economic cisis. Even though Turkey’s main economic sources such as Tourism, industrial production and agro-business export markets has been effected by the lockdown, Turkey has taken steps to prevent financial crises, starting from launching a national donation campaign announced by President Erdoğan “We’re Enough for Each Other Turkey” which now raised more than ₺1.5 billion. President Himself donated 7 months of his salary and announced that the public banks will give pensions to retirees to help families in need and those who are mostly effected by the virus. And remember, every citizen can request masks free of charge via the website in a time the world struggling to get masks even in cheap prices.

The third strategic policy was evacuating Turkish nationals living abroad. Turkey’s focus was not only citizens living within, since the outbreak, and over to 70,000 Turkish nationals have been repatriated from more 80 countries. After landing in Turkey, there are mandatory health checks to proceed like 14-day quarantine.

Finally, a well coordinated Coronavis aid to the rest of world. During this unpredicted global lockdown, it’s very difficult to remember others, but in Turkey, humanity and conscience has no excuse by helping others and sending timely donations, this has again proven the capacity of Ankara’s government to not only overcome its own problems but also help others indiscriminately of region, religion and ethnic. Turkish Air Force carrying COVID19 aid has been flying daily from continent to another, from south to north. And also in Ramadan, Turkey has always been well known with its humanitarian aid to the poor especially in war and conflict-effected areas.

Why Turkey succeeded?

Turkey is already fighting in many fronts such as COVID19, military and strategic geo-political fronts such as Libya and Syria, unrecovered Turkish currency and debt crisis of 2018. it is nevertheless controlled the pandemic with a limited time and extraordinary work. I believe that the fallowing key issues were behind the success of Ankara’s fight against Covid19;

Strong Institutions. for last 20 years, the country focused in building strong institutions and sustainable strategies, investment in human capital and modern high education, encouraged professionalism, skillfulness and knowledge. A nation that benefited a lot from technology and e-government services, it invested health sector with a huge amount of billion of dollars, and for the last 10 years, it remained a hub for health tourism industry. Additionally, cooperation between different government institutions, public and private pave the way to manage well for such unpredicted pandemic at time other countries perplexed.

Good Citizens and Responsive Government; solidarity and togetherness are routine phrases in the public mouth and on social media. People are eagerly waiting government announcements and updates to fulfill the rules and regulation installed. Through balconies, every night at 9:00pm Istanbul time, Turkish citizens with their president and the first lady make applause for their frontline health workers. In addition to this, government officials of this country take responsibility of faults, for example, the immediate curfew announcement from the Ministry of Interior which caused market overcrowds with minor injuries, Minister Suleyman Soylu’s admitted his mistakes as he sent resignation letter to the President which later the president turned it down after massive voices from the public requesting not to accept the resignation, referring the extraordinary and the tireless work the minister has demonstrated with a good will.

Responsible and friendly Police officers also played a big role in easing the public, it is normal to see police officers serving elderly people who helplessly stayed indoors. In this selfish world, it is hard to have such a patriotic society, a thankful citizen and accountable leadership.

Self-sufficient economic system. No matter whether a country’s economy is capitalism, socialist, liberal or authoritarian system, what matters most is how it shaped its economic policies and institutions, how it overcame and manage not only in prosperity but also in crises time. I believe the resilience of Turkey’s economy is due to well-grounded public finances, a dynamic and diversified private sector. Empowering local production made it a stronger nation without need of imports. Turkey, a country that never waited or depended World Bank, IMF, WHO or any other world organization. In Covid19 pandemic, institutions and skilled people were encouraged to increase production such as producing masks with 3D printers, for example, the Justice Ministry made masks for prison inmates and staff through volunteers from civil society, and the Defense Ministry also produced masks at its textile facilities for the Turkish Armed Forces.

To sum up, the world has a lot to learn from Ankara’s model of fight against virus, and there will be a time when the world will appreciate and recognize Turkey’s role on fight against the virus not only in Turkey but a global wise. Additionally, may be my fellow Turkish citizens are expecting more from the government, but also comparing to other countries, I think it is time again to applause and give thousands of claps to our health workers, law enforcements and leadership.

 “ Ümitsizliğin ardında nice ümitler var, Karanlığın ardında nice güneşler var”

“After hopelessness there is so much hope, and after darkness there is much brighter of sun”

With the great sincerity of Turkey to the people of World.

Fadumo Ali, Graduate Student

Political Science and International Relations Department

Istanbul University

DAHIR ARAB XEER-PDF

DAHIR ARAB XEER-Word

Daahir Maxamed Cali waa qareen, bare sharci, khabiir qaanuuneed , Xoghayaha guud ee ururka Qareennada Soomaaliyeed.

In ka badan 10-sano ayuu ku jiray xirfadda qareenimo.

W.Qoray Naciimo Cabdi Saciid (Shiino)

W/D/ Cali BK

Sanadkii 1943-diii ayeey aheyd markii la unkay dhismaha ciidan Boliis ah oo xilligaasi loo arkayey in uu yahay midka ugu faca weyn ,isla markaana lagama maarmaan u ah aasaaska dowlad Soomaaliyeed oo ku soo biirta beesha caalamka.

Inkastoo aasaaska iyo dhismaha ciidamada la bilaabay xilligaasi,haddana waxaa jiray ciidamo Soomaaliyeed oo la soo shaqeeyay gumeysiga Ingiriiska iyo Talyaaniga ee kala qeybsaday geyigga.Tusaale ahaan:-

  Ciidamadii Soomaaliya ee xilligii gumeysiga

Laga soo bilaabo sanadkii 1910-40-kii .waxaa jiray ciidamo Somaaliyeed oo uu aasaasay gumeysigii Ingiriiska,ka dib markii uu qabsaday gobolada Woqooyi ee Soomaaliya,ciidamadaasina waxa ay la howlgaleen kuwii Ingiriiska ee xilligaasi joogay dalalka Kenya,Tansaniya,Yemen iyo dalal kale,iyago soo qabtay shaqooyin ay ka mid yihiin sugidda amniga magaalooyinka,ilaalinta xeebaha iyo xallinta dagaalada iyo khilafaadka soo kala dhexgala beelaha,qaarkoodna waxa ay ka qeybgaleen dagaalkii labaad ee dunida.

Dhanka kale Talyanaaniga oo gumeystay bartamahaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya waxa uu sanadihii u dhexeeyay 1909-1940-kii, aasaasay ciidamo Soomaali ah,kuwaas oo ka mid noqday ciidamo gaaraya dhowr iyo labaatan kun oo joogay gudaha dalka,sanadkii 1936-diina ciidankii Soomaalida waxay ka qeybaleen dagaalkii isballaarinta ee Talyaanigu ku qaaday dalka Itoobiya.

Inkasto ciidamo badan oo Soomaali ah oo ka kala socday gobolada woqooyi iyo koonfur ay ka qeybgaleen dagaalkii 2-aad.,haddana waxaa aasaaska ciidamada Boliiska lagu guuleystay sanadkii 1943-dii ka dib markii dib loo habeeyay ciidamadii gobolada woqooyi iyo konfur oo xilligasi ay gacanta ku hayeen maamulkii Ingiriiska.

Ciidamada Boliiska Xilligii Xoriyadda

Sanadkii 1950-60- kii dib u dhiska ciidamada Boliiska ayaa mar kale ka bilowday gobolada koonfurta Soomaaliya,ka dib kolkii Qaramada Midoobay ay ogolaatay in muddo 10 sano oo xornimo gaarsiin ah Talyaaniga loo dhiibo maamulka gobolada koonfureed, si dadka Soomaliyeed looga caawiyo barashada maaulka dowladnimo,halka gobolada woqooyi maamulkooda ay sii haayey dowladdi Ingiriiska.

Xoreyntii gobolada koonfureed iyo israaca laba gobol ee woqooyi iyo koonfur,waxaa la sameeyay ciidamo isku dhaf ah oo ka kooban 3700-askari,isla markaana leh qalab iyo tababar casri ah oo la mid ah kuwa caalamka ee dunida,waxaana lagu kordhiyay kun askari oo Daraawiish ah,iyadoo xlligaasi taliyaha ciidanka Boliiska loo magacaabay Geeneral Maxamed Abshir Muuse Haamaan.

Waxqaadka ciidanka Boliiska

Ciidamada Boliiska Soomaaliyeed oo marna ah hey’adda ugu weyn ee fulinta sharciga madaniga,waxaa ka mid ah waajibaadkiisa

1-la dagaallanka dambiyada

2-la-dagaallanka argagixisada

3-difaaca dalka

4-Sugidda amniga Gudaha dalka

5- Ilaalinta sharciga dalka

Dhismaha Ciidamada

Awoodda  dheeraadka ah  ee ay la soo baxeen ciidamada  Boliiska  dalka Soomaaliya,waxa ay sababeen in la la sameeyo dhismaha hoggaanno badan oo ku yimid dadaallo miro dhal ah,ka dib kolkii ay kordheen aqoonta iyo howlaha kale ee lagama maarmaanka u ah ciidamada Boliiska.

Hoggaamada Ciidamada Boliiska

1-Hoggaanka   Maaliyadda

2-Hoggaanka   Saadka

3-Hoggaanka   Tababarada

4-Hoggaanka   Dab damiska.

5-Hoggaanka   Caafimaadka

6-Hoggaanka   Isgaarsiinta

7-Hoggaanka   Dhismaha

8-Hoggaanka   Gaadiidka

9-Hoggaanka   Nabad-sugidda

10-Hoggaanka  Ciidanka

11- Hoggaanka Ilaalinta Canshuuraha.

12- Hoggaanka barista dembiyada .

13-Hoggaanka  Ilaalinta waddooyinka

14-Hoggaanka  Dib u dhiska ciidanka

Waxaa marag ma doonto ah in ciidamada Boliiska Soomaaliyeed xiliyadii dhexe ee todobaatameeyadii ay la soo bexeen awood lixaad leh oo tiro ahaan iyo tayo ahaanba buuxiyay shuruudaha lagama maarmaanka u ah amniga udaha,hadana guulaha ugu weyn ee la tilmaamo in ay soo hooyeen ciidamada boliiska waxaa ka mid ah qeybtii ay ka qaateen dagaaladii dhacay sanadihii 1964-tii iyo 1977-dii,ee lagu raadinaayey dhulalkii ku maqnaa gacanta gumeysigii shisheeye.

Inkastoo bur-burkii ka dhacay dalka 1991-kii ee ay horseedka ka ahaayeen qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyiyaasha Soomaalida uu saameyn weyn kuyeeshay ciidamada ,haddana laga soo bilaabo dowladdi Carta ee sanadihii 2000-2004tii, waxaa lagu guuleystay in dib loo uruuriyo ciidamada, isla markaana la howlgaliyo qeybihii iyo talisyadii uu ka koobnaa ,iyadoo lagu kordhiyay  dhallinyaro  cusub oo dhiirigeliyay soo celinta amniga iyo kala dambeynta.

Ciidamadu waxa ay dadaal ugu jiraan soo celinta amniga,sidaa daraadeed waxa ay u baahan yihiin in loo howlgalo sidii loo tayeyn lahaa, isla markaana loogu heli lahaa agab ama qalab mileteri oo ay ku hawl galaan iyo in la siiyo tababarro sare loogu qaadayo xirfaddoda shaqo si mustaqbalka dhow ay u hantaan ammaanka guud ee dalka.

Haddaba,ciidamada Boliiska ayaa u dabbaaldegaya xuska sanad guuradii 76-aad ee ka soo wareegatay aasaaskii ciidamadaan  oo lagu tilmaamo hooyada ugu faca weyn ee dhismaha ciidamada Soomaliya,wana cududda labaad ee ay ku faanaan qeybaha bulshada oo xilligaan  ku qanacsan qaabka ay u socdaan howlaha ciidamada iyo dadaalada kale ee ay kaga qeybgalayan horumarka dalka.

Xuska sanadguurada 76-aad ayaa ku soo beegmaya  xilli ay so hagaageyso xaaladda dalka,gaar ahaan dhinaca ammaanka ,waxaana tallooyin badan oo madaxda dowladd ay siiyeen ciidamada ay ku soo biyo shubanayaan in ciidamadu ay laba jibaaraan howlaha gurmadka ah ee ay u hayaan umadda,gaar ahaan soo celinta nabadgelyada dalka.

Ugu dambeyntii saraakiisha,saraakiil xigeenada,alifleyda ,dableyda iyo guud ahaan xaasaska ciidamada Boliiska meel kasta oo ay joogaan waxaan u rajeyneynaa  in sanadkaan kiisa kale ay ku gaaraan horumar iyo barwaaqo.

W/qoray Shire Xasan kulmiye

Nadaafadu waa aasaaska nolosha ,waana iimaanka barkii,taasoo macnaheedu yahay in dadku ay ku xisaabtamaan in mar kasta oo qashin uu deris kula yahay uu kuu dhow yahay cudurku,sidaa aawadeedna ay lagama maarmaan tahay in lagu baraarugo in Ka hortaggu uu ka haboon yahay daaweynta dhibaatooyinka.

Waxaa xaqiiqo ah in muddooyinkaan magaalada Muqdisho ay ka socdaan dadaallo lagu bixinaayo barnamijka isxilqaan ee dhiso dalkaada iyo olole nadaafadeed,oo lagu qaadayo haraaga qashinka ay ka tageen biyaha robabka ee ku soo rogmaday qeybo ka mid ah waddooyinka iyo xaafadaha gobolka Banaadir.

Qeybaha bulshada oo gacan ka helaya maamulka dowladda hoose ee Xamar,ayaa ku howlan ololahaasi nadaafadeed oo si habsami leh uga socda degmooyinka gobolka,kaas oo lagu soo celiyay inta badan bilicda magaalada Muqdisho,ka dib markii si iskaa wax u qabso ah loogu howlgalay nadiifinta waddooyinka Muqdisho.

Dhinaca kale shaqaalaha dowladda ayaa ku guuleystay in ay qeyb ka noqdaan ololahaasi nadaafadeed,gaar ahaan barnaamij la magac baxay isxilqaaan oo soo abaabuleen madaxda dowladda Federaalka ah,isla markaana lagu nadiifinaayo ama lagu dhisaayo xarumaha dowladda.

Iyadoo ay socdaan olole nadaafaded ayaa haddana waxaa jira dad badan oo caadeystay in waddooyinka iyo xaafadaha Muqdisho ay ku daadiyaan qashin aad u farabadan oo ka haray waxyaabaha daruuriyaadka ah ee lagu  isticmaalo guryaha sida raashinka,welina waxaxaa muuqda wadooyin dhowr ah iyo degmooyin  ay buuxaan biyo wasaqeysan iyo qashin aad u badan.

Si looga fogaado nadaafad darida ay sababaan cudurada faafa,sida Mallaariyada,Tifoowga,Shubanka iyo dullinka dad ku noolka ah,Waxaa lagama marmaan ah in maamulka degmo kasta ay xil iska saarto wax ka qabashada qashinka iyo biyaha wasaqda ah ee lagu qubo waddooyinka xaafadaha.

Waxaa qasab ah in la kordhiyo goobo loogu talagalay in la dhigo qashinka iyo gaadiidka qaada haraaga wasaqda,sidaa daraadeed dowladda Federaalka iyo kan gobolka,waxaa waajib ku ah in ololaha nadaafadeed oo loo arkay mid wax tar leh lagu baahiyo goobaha muhiimka ah ee laga fuliyo adeegyada umadda,sida suuqyada.

Maaamulka wanaagsan waa in uu xil la iska saaro sidii mudnaanta loo siin lahaa fayo qabka deegaaanka iyo dadka ,iyadoo mar kasta xoogga la saarayo in loo diyaargaroobo xilliyada suurtagalka ah ee la helo roobabka

Waa in la sameeyo wacyigelin joogto ah oo dadka loogu sheegayo qarashka faraha badan ee ku baxa dayactirka ama sameynta wadooyinka ay burburiyeen biyaha wasaqda ah iyo halista nadaafad daridu ay u keento bulshada,iyadoo dhanka kale ganaax la saarayo ciddii isku dayda in ay qashin iyo biyo wasaq ah ku dadiso waddooyinka laamiga ah.

Ka hortaggu waxa uu ka wanaagsan yahay raadinta xalka dhibaatada,sidaa aawadeed maamulka dowladda Federaalka iyo kan gobolka Banaadir ,waxaa looga fadhiyaa in ay dib u eegis ku sameeyaan howlaha ku talaal ee horyaalla,gaar ahaan ka hortagga nadafad xumida ay sababaan cudurada qatarta ah ee ka dhasha biyaha wasaqda ah ee lagu daadiyo wadada iyo burburka ku soo noq-noqda jidadka laamiga ah ee illa hadda la dayactiray.

W/diyaariyay Shire Xasan Kulmiye

Ra’iisul-wasaaraha XFS oo hadda ku sugan dalka Maraykanka ayaa kulamo kala duwan la yeeshay madaxda Bankiga Aduunka, Hay’adda lacagta aduunka iyo dowladaha kale ee ka qaybgalay shirka sanadlaha ah ee IMFta iyo Bankiga Aduunka oo lagu qabtay  magaalada Washington ee Caasimadda dalka maraykanka.

Deyn cafinta.

Dowladda Soomaaliya, waxaa ka go’an gaaridda barta go,aanka dayn cafinta, waxayna u gudubtay SMP4, iyadoona beesha caalamku ku amaantay dadaallada hagar la’aaneed ee arimaha dayn cafinta,taasi oo fure u  ah horumarka dalka, geedi-socodka dayn cafinta waa guul, waxaana ka faa’iideysan doona dadka Soomaaliyeed meel kasta oo ay joogaa, waxayna fursado ka helayaan Maalgashiga ilaha dhaqaale oo ballaaran oo laga helayo Hay’adaha Maaliyadeed ee Caalamiga ah (IFIS).

Shirkii iskaashiga 2 oktober oo lagu amaanay Hannaanka Maaliyadeed ee Soomaaliya.

Shirkii iskaashiga Soomaaliya iyo beesha Caalamka ee dhawaan lagu qabtay Muqdisho, Wuxuu soo dhaweeyay iskaashiga,Soomaaliya ee barnaamijkeeda dayn cafinta iyo horumarka la taaban karo ee ka muuqdo dhinaca  dib-u-habaynta maamulka maaliyadda dowladda ee dalka oo dhan.

Waxaa sidoo kale kulankaasi lagu bogaadiyay dadaallada dib u habaynta Soomaaliya oo dhan, looga hirgalinayo hab maaliyadeed dhaxal-ga ah, taas oo gogol xaar u noqonaysa kobac iyo horumar loo wada dhanyahay albaabadana u fureysa ilo dhaqaale oo wax looga qabto sababaha keena faqriga iyo u nuglaanta saboolnimada.

Shirka sanadlaha ah iyo wajiga Smp4.

Kulankaan oo sanadkaan lagu qabtay magaalada Washington ee dalka Maraykanka  waxaa ka soo ifbaxay yididiillo farxadeed oo muujinaysa in shacbiga Soomaaliyeed dhawaan guran doon miraha ka dhasha dadaalkii dowladda Soomaaliya u gashay in Soomaaliya laga cafiyo daymaha, si loo gaaro barnaamijyo ballaaran oo horumarineed oo dalka ka taabba gala.

Hay’adda Lacagta Adduunka iyo Bangiga adduunka ayaa sidoo kale si diirran u soo dhaweeyay sida  dowladda Soomaaliya ay uga go’an tahay fulinta dib u habaynta shuruudihii loo qaabeeyay dayn cafinta.

Dib u habaynta maamulka maaliyadda dalka, waxa cabirkeedu ahaa gaarista hadafyada wajiga Afaraad ee la xaqiijiyay, haddana waxaa socda dadaallo loogu gogol xaarayo ka guul gaaridda qaybta Afaraad.

Dhanka kale Agaasimaha maamulka hay’adda lacagta aduunka IMF Mrs Kristalina Georgieva oo Washington kulan doceed kula qaadatay Ra’iisul wasaaraha dalka Xasan Cali Khayre magaalada Washigton ayaa Ku dhawaaqday in si buuxda ay u taageersan tahay dadaallada loogu jiro in Soomaaliya laga cafiyo deymaha lagu leeyahay horaanta 2020, “Waxaan kulan mira dhal ah shalay kula qaatay xarunta dhexe ee IMF ra’iisul wasaare Xasan Cali Khayre oo aan ugu hambalyeeyay dhaqan galinta xooggan ee joogtada ah ee uu ku sameeyay qorshaha dib u-habeynta dhaqaalaha iyadoo ay jireen caqabado badan”ayay tiri Kristalina.

Ra’iisul Wasaare Kheyre ayaa inta uu ku sugan yahay Mareykanka waxaa uu ka qeyb-galay Shirka IMF Iyo Bangiga Adduunka, isaga oo sidoo kale kulmmo doceedyo la yeeshay madaxda ka qeyb-gashay shirkaas.

Hannaanka maamulka maaliyadda dalka, wuxuu cagta saaray waddadii saxda ahayd, tusaale ahaan uruurinta dakhliga billowgii Sanadkan illaa July 2019, waxaa uu ka sara maray intii la filayay.

Hay’adda IMF waxay soo dhowaysay nidaamka mushaar bixinta dowladda iyo lacagaha taleefoonada gacanta la isugu diro,kaasoo muhiim u ah barnaajika dayn cafinta iyo degganaashaha dhaqaalaha dalka.

W/D. Gobdoon

• Gogoldhig

Dastuurka Soomaaliya ee sida KMG loo ansixiyay 1/8/2012, wuxuu qeexayaa in Soomaaliya ay qaadatay Nidaamka Federaalka Halkaasna looga guuray Nimaadkii Dowladda mideysan (Unitary State) ee Soomaaliya ku dhaqmi jirtay tan iyo markii ay qaadatay xurriyadda 1960.[1]

Dastuurka Federaalku wuxuu Xaddidayaa Xiriirka ka dhaxeeya Dowladda Federaalka iyo Dowladaha Xubinta ka ah Dowladda Federaalka Ama haddii si kale loo dhaho xiriirka ka dhaxeeya Dowladda Fedaraalka iyo Dowlad Gobaleedyada, sidoo kale Dastuurku wuxuu dhigayaa mabaadi’da asaasiga ah ee nidaamka Federaalka iyo xiriirada iskaashiga Heerarka Dowladaha, Heer Federaal Iyo Heer Dowlad Gobaleed.

Haddaba, Qormadaan kooban waxay ku saabsan tahay Hannaanka Xallinta Khilaafaadka ka dhax dhasha Heerarka Xukuumadaha ee Dowladda Federaalka sida khilaafaadka iyo Murannada u dhaxeeya Dowladda Federaalka iyo dowlad Gobaleedyada ama haddii si kale aan u sheegno Heerarka Dowladeed ee kala sarreeya, iyo sidoo kale  khilaafaadka ka dhax dhaca Heerarka Dowladeed ee Siman oo laga wado Khilaafaadka iyo murannada u dhaxeeya  Dowlad Gobaleedyada laftooda.

Ugu Dambayntoo Qormadaan waxay ka kooban Mowduucyada Hoos ku xusan:

• Gogoldhig
• Ahmiyadda joogtaynta Iskaashiga iyo Xiriirka  u dhaxeeya Heerarka Dowladaha leedahay Xallinta Khilaafaadka Xukuumadaha dhaxdooda ah.

3-    Hababka xallinta khilaafaadka  ee Xukuumadaha dhexdooda ah oo isugu jiro :

A-   Hanaanka Xalinta Murannada iyo khilaafaadka  ee Xukuumadaha dhexdooda ah ee aan ahayn Hannaan Garsoor

• Hanaanka Xalinta Murannada iyo khilaafaadka ee Xukuumadaha dhexdooda ah ee ah Hanaanka Garsoor
• Gunnanad

Ugu dambayntii waxaan rajaynaa in Qormadaan ay iffindoonto arrimo badan oo xirirr la leh hirgelinta Nidaamka Federaalk iyo Xillinta Murannada iyo Khilaafaadka ka dhax dhaca  Heerarka Dowladaha.

T- Ahmiyadda joogtaynta Iskaashiga iyo Xiriirka u dhaxeeya Heerarka Dowladaha u leeyihiin Xallinta Khilaafaadka Xukuumadaha dhaxdooda ah.

Dastuurrada Waddamada ku dhaqmo Nidaamka Federaalka inta badan waxay Qoraan Mabaadi’ muhiim ah oo saldhig u ah joogtaynta iskaashiga iyo xiriirka u dhaxeeya Heerarka  kala duwan ee Dowladaha Heer Federaal iyo Heer Dowlad Gobaleed.[2]

Haddaba si Mabaadi’daas loogu baddalo kuwo shaqayn kara waxaa Dowladaha Federaalku Sameeyaan hay’ado ka shaqeeya joogtaynta hannaanka iskaashiga u dhaxeeya Heer Dowladeedyada  kala duwan, tusaale Wadanka Garmany oo ka mid ah wadamada ku dhaqmo nimaadka Federaalka Dastuurkiisu wuxuu jiddeynayaa dhisidda Madal ( platform )  Madashaas oo loogu talagalay Xaqiijinta iyo Xoojinta Xariirka iyo iskaashiga joogtada ah ee Heerarka Dowladaha,  waxay xaqiijinaysaa madashu  hawlgelin joogta ah ee u dhaxeysa Heerarka kala duwan ee dowladda,  madashu wey baahsantahay oo waxaa  si joogta ah uga qayb-qaadanaya Madaxda Fulinta, Golayaasha Sharci-dejinta, Wasaaradaha iyo Hay’adaha kale ee Qaranka sida Guddiyada Madaxa bannaan.

Wadamo kale oo ku dhaqmo Nidaamka Federaalka Dastuurkooda ayaa  si cad u qeexaya mabaadi’da gaarka ah ee la xiriirta nidaamka iskaashiga  Heerarka Dowladaha  sida wadanka koonfur afrika, hase ahaatee Dastuurrada wadamadaas waxay u dhaafayaan qaab-dhismeedka  hay’adaha hormarinaaya  xiriirka iskaashiga xukuumadaha sharci gaar oo uu  soo saaro Baarlamaanku.[3]

Dastuurka   Federaalka ee Sida KMG ah loo Ansixiyay ee Soomaaliya  Wuxuu Qeexayaa Mabaadi’da Saldhiga u ah Nidaamka Federaalka iyo Mabaadi’da iskaashiga Heerarka kala duwan ee Xukumadaha.

Ugu horreyntii qodobka 48aad ee DFKMG wuxuu qeexayaa in qaab-dhismeedka Dowladda  ee Jamhuuriyadda  Soomaaliya uu ka kooban yahay Laba Heer Dowladeed oo kala ah, Heer Federaal iyo Heer dowladaha xubinta ka ah Dowladda Federaalk. [4]

Sidoo kale qodobka 50aad ee DFKMG isna wuxuu si wanaagsan u faah-faahinayaa mabaadi’da Federaalka ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, ama haddii aan si kale u sheegno mabaadi’da saldhiga u ah nimaadka Federaalka ee Soomaaliya qaadatay, mabaadi’daas oo ay ugu muhimsan yihiin kuwan hoos ku xusan:

1. Heer kasta oo xukuumadeed waa in ay haysato kalsoonida iyo taageerada dadweynaha;
2. Awood walba waa in la siiyo hadba Heer xukuumadeedka ee  sida ugu wax-ku-oolsan u fulin karta;
3. Jiritaanka iyo joogtaynta xiriirro iskaashi iyo istaageerid labo-dhinacle ah oo ka dhexeeya Dawladaha xubnaha ka ah Federaalka dhexdooda iyo dawladaha xubnaha ah iyo Xukuumadda Federaalka ah;
4. Si uu u jiro dareen midnimo qaran, degaan kasta oo ka mid ah Jamhuuriyaddu Federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya waa inuu helaa adeegyo iyo waxqabad xukuumadeed oo isku mid ah;
5. Khayraadka dalka oo si caddaalad ah loo qaybsado;
6. (f) Dakhli-ururinta oo loo xilsaaro hadba Heer xukuumadeedka ee sida ugu wax-ku-oolsan u fulin karta;
7. (g) Khilaafaadka oo wadahadal iyo dib-u-heshiin lagu xalliyo.[5]

Si taa la mid ah Dastuurku Wuxuu bixinayaa tilmaamo cad cad oo hagaayo Xiriirka iyo iskaashiga Heerarka kala duwan ee Xukumadaha haddii ay ahaa laheyd  Heerarka siman oo loola jeedo dowladaha Xubinta ka ah dowladda Federaalka dhexdooda  ama kuwa aan sinnayn oo loola jeedo Dowladda Federaalka iyo Dowladaha Xubinta ka ah Dowladda Federaalka.

Mabaadi’da iskaashiga ee Dastuurku uu jiddeynaayo waxaa ka mid ah kuwaan hoos ku qoran:

• Heer kasta oo Xukuumadeed ha ahaadeen Heerar siman ama kuwo kala sarreeya waa in ay yeeshaan xiriir iskaashi oo wanaagsan
• Xukuumad kasta waa in ay ixtiraamtaa, ilaalisaana xadka awoodaha ay leedahay iyo awoodaha ay leeyihiin Dawladaha kale, waana in ay:

1. La yeelataa xiriir walaaltinnimo oo wax-ku-ool ah Heerarka kale ee Xukuumadaha, una horseedaa midnimada muwaaddiniinta;
2. Heer kasta oo Xukuumadaha waa in ay ku wargelisaa Heerarka kale siyaasadaha iyo hawlgallada ay ka fulineyso degaannadeeda oo saamayn ku yeelan kara degaannada Heerarka kale;
3. Yeeshaan siyaasado u adeegaya qorshaynta iyo hirgelinta mashaariic hormarineed oo wadajir ah.[6]

J- Wadiiqooyinka Xallinta Khilaafaadka Xukuumadaha Dhexdooda Ah

Sida lagu yaqaanno waddamada Federaalka, gaar ahaan kuwa Nimaadkan uu ku Cusubyahay sida Soomaaliya oo kale  waxaa hubaal ah in ay jirayaan khilaafaad la xiriira iskaashiga iyo qaybsiga awoodaha,  Sidaa awgeedna Dastuurrada Wadamada  federaalku waxay  dejiyaan habraacyo iyo hay’ado awood buuxda loo siiyay in ay ka gaaraan go’aan kama-dambeys ah iyo xalinta khilaafaadka ka dhasha Heerarka kala duwan ee  ee Dowladaha Haddii ay ahaa lahaayeen kuwa Siman ama kuwa aan sinnayn.

Haddaba waxaa jira laba hab oo loo raaco Xallinta Khilaafaadka iyo Murannada u dhexeeya Heerarka  Xukuumadaha, Heer Federaal iyo Heer Dowlad Gobaleedka iyo Dowlad Gobaleedyad dhexdooda, labadaas hab oo kala ah hab aan garsoor ahayn iyo habka garsoorka.

A-  Xallinta Khilaafaadka Xukumadaha Dhexdooda ee Habka aan garsoorka ahayn

Waddamada qaarkood ayaa doortay in lagu xalliyo khilaafaadka hab aan garsoorka ahayn. Dalka Itoobiya, awoodda lagu fasirayo Dastuurka  laguna xallinaayo khilaafaadka xukuumadaha dhexdooda waxaa leh Golaha Federaalka  oo ka kooban wakiillo ka socda kooxo ka soo jeedo qowmiyadaha kala duwan ee Dalkaas. Maxkamadaha caadiga ah ma laha awoodda  ka garnaqista  murannada la xiriira Dastuurinimada sharciyada oo dhan, ha ahaado Heer federaal ama Heer dowlad Gobaleed.

Marka aan eegno Dastuurka Federaalka KMG wuxuu soo jeedinnayaa marka hore in Khilaafaadka Xukuumadaha dhexdooda ah lagu Xalliyo Hannan aan garsoor ahayn loona  adeegsa karo qaabab kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin kuwan hoos ku qoran:

• Ugu horreyntii dastuurku wuxuu farayaa Samaynta Sharci lagu magacaabo Sharciga Heerarka Xukuumadaha oo saldhig u noqonaaya Nidaamka Federaaleynta iyo Hanaanka iskaashiga Heerarka Xukuumadaha Sharcigaas waa in uu la xiriiro sida uu dastuurku faraayo arrimo ay ka midyihiin:

1. Samaynta hay’ado iyo habraacyo fududaynaya wada falgelidda Heerarka Xukuumadaha.
2. Samaynta hay’ado iyo habaraacyo fududaynaya xallinta khilaafaadka ka dhex dhasha Heerarka Xukuumadda inta aanay u gudbin maxkamad[7].

• Samaynta Madal ( platform)

Si loo xaqiijiyo jiritaanka iyo horumarinta xiriirada iskaashiga Federaaliga ah waa in la joogteeyo kulan sanadeed ay wada yeeshaan madaxda fulinta Xukuumadda Federaalka iyo Madaxda Fulinta Dawladaha xubinta ka ah Xukuumadda Federaalka si ay isula meeldhigaan:

1. Adkaynta Midnimada Qaranka;
2. Sugidda ammaanka iyo Nabadgelyada Dalka;
3. Horumarinta dhaqan-dhaqaalaha qaranka iyo suuqa mideysan ee dalka;
4. Horuumarinta baraaraha shacabka;
5. Isdhaafsiga macluumaadka.[8]

• Khilaafaadka oo wadahadal iyo dib-u-heshiin lagu xalliy

Sida uu jiddeynaayo Xarafka G ee qodobka 50aad ee Dastuurka Kumeel gaarka ah khilaafaadka waa in lagu xalliyaa wadahadal iyo dib-u-heshiisin ka hor inta aan Maxkamad lageeyn.

• Madaxwaynaha Jamhuuriyaddu iyo Aqalka Sare ee Barlamaanka  Madaxwaynaha Jamhuuriyaddu Maadaama uu yahay Madaxa Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Soomaaliya;, astaanta Midnimada qaranka, Ilaaliyaha iyo horumariyaha mabaadi’da asaasiga ah ee Dastuurka, sida uu qeexaayo  qodobka 87aad ee Dastuurka FKMG, wuxuu hormuud ka noqo karaa Xallinta Khilaafaadka Heerarka Xukumadaha Dhexdooda ah, si taa lamid ah ayaa aqalka sare ee barlamaanka isna uu kaalin wayn uga qaada karaa Xallinta Khilaafaadka Heerarka Xukumadaha Dhexdooda ah maadaama Xubin kasta oo ka mid ah Aqalka Sare ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka uu xil gaar ahi ka saaran yahay matalaadda danaha Dawladaha xubinta ka ah Dawladda Federaalka ee uu matalayo iyo in uu ilaaliyo nidaamka Federaalka, kuna shaqeeyo dareen iskaashi Federaalnimo. [9]

Qaababkaan waa qaab aan ahayn hannaan garsoor oo lagu xalli karo khilaafaadka iyo murannada u dhaxeeya Heerarka Xukumadaha oo uu tilmaamaayo Dastuurka FKMG.

B-    Xallinta Khilaafaadka Xukumadaha Dhaxdooda ee HababkaGarsoorka

Wadamo badan oo ku dhaqmo Nidaamka Federaalka  Maxkamadda ugu sarraysa ee Federaalka ayaa  Xalka ugu Dambeeya ka gaarta khilaafaadka xukuumadaha dhaxdooda ka dhasha. Dalka Koofur Afrika, Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah waxay leedahay awoodda ugu dambaysa ee xallinta khilaafaadka u dhaxeeya Dawladda dhexe iyo Gobollada iyo sidoo kale  midka ka dhax dhasha gobollada dhaxdooda. Dastuurku wuxuuu dalbaayaa in dhinacyada khilaafku u dhaxeeyo ay marka hore sameeyaan dadaal maangal ah si loo xalliyo khilaafaadka si wada xaajood ah. Maqnaanshaha dadaalka lagu xalliyo khilaafka iyo niyadsami-, Maxkamadda waxay dib ugu soo celin kartaa dhinacyada uu khilaafaadku  ka dhaxeeya si ay marka hore khilaafooda ku Xalliyaan wada xaajood.. Dastuurrada dalaka Nigeria iyo Argentina ayaa sidoo kale  iyagana  awood u siinayaan maxkamadda sare ee Federaalka in ay xaliso khilaafaadka ka dhax dhasho xukuumadaha ha noqdaan kuwa Siman ama kuwa kala sarreya.

Iyadoo laga Amba qaadaayo  Ahmiyadda ay leedahay maxkamadaha Federaalka ugu sarreeeya ee Dhinaca xallinta khilaafaadka xukuumadaha dhaxdooda ha loogu yeero Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ahama Maxkamadda Sare,  ayaa Dowladuhu si wanaagsan uga fikiraan habka lagu magacaabayo xubnaha  Maxkamaddaas  tusaale ahaan, dalka Jarmalka, aqlka koowaad iyo labaad  mid kasta wuxuu magacaabayaa kala bar xubnaha ka tirsan Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah. Koofur Afrika aqalk labaad kuma lug laha soo-magacaabist xubnaha Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah oo Garsoorayaasha Maxkamadda Dastuurka waxaa soo magacaabaya Madaxweynaha Jamhuuriyadda oo la tashanaya Golaha Adeega Garsoorka iyo xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee mucaaradka ah. Dalka Maraykanka, Madaxweynaha ayaa soo magacaaba garsoorayaasha kaddibna waxaa ansixiya aqalka sare, aqalka hoose kuma lug laha soo-magacaabista garsoorayaasha.

Dastuurka Federaalka ee Sida ku kumeel gaarka ah loo ansixiyay ee Soomaaliya wuxuu ka dalbayaa Heerarka kala duwan ee dawladaha in ay isku dayaan marka Hore  in lagu xalliyo khilaafaadka si wada-hadal iyo dib u heshiisiin ah (Qodobka 50(g)). Haddii uu guul dareeysto wadahadalka, awoodda kama-dambaysta ee xallinta khilaafaadka xukuumadaha dhexdooda ah  waxaa Dastuurku  siiyay  Maxkamadda Dastuuriga (109C Qodobka(1)(d)). Dastuurku si gaar ah uma dalbaayo in ay Maxkamaddu hubiso in dhinacyada is-khilaafsan ama muranku ka dhaxeeyo  ay billaabaan wada-hadal iyo dib-u heshiisiin ka-hor inta aysan u gudbin Dacwad Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah iyo  in khilaafaadka iyo Murannada la isku dayo in lagu Xalliyo Wada Xaajood,  Hase ahaatee , mabaadi’da Federaalka  ee Dastuurka Lagu Xusay ayaa qeexaysa (Qodobada 51 iyo 52) in loo baahan yahay dadaallo iyo wada xaajood u dhaxeeya Dhinacyada .

Waxaa Mudan in la xuso in Garsoorayaasha Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah ay Ansixinayaan Laba aqal ee Barlamaanka kadib marka ay soo Magacaabaan Golaha adeegga Garsoorka sida ay jiddeynayaan Qoddobada 109B(2)) iyo Qodobka 71(i)), ee Dastuurka  FKMG.

Ka qaybqaadashada aqalka sare ee Magacaabista Xubnaha Golaha Adeegga garsoorka waxay ka dhigantahay in ay Dowladaha Xubinta ka ah Dowladda Federaalka ay qayb ka yihiin Hanaanka Magacaabista Garsoorayaasha Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah Maadaamada aqalka sare uu Dowlad Gobaleedyada Ku matalo Heer Federaal.

X- Gunnaanad

Waa arrin cid kasta ay Fahmi Karto in Dowlad Soomaaliya oo Kale ah oo uu ku cusbyahay Hanaanka Federaalka ay Caqabado kala kulmi karto hirgelinta Nidaamkaas, Caqabadahaas waxaa ka mid noqo kara  Khilaafaad iyo Muranno La xiriira Hanaanka Hirgelinta Federaalka oo uu ugu horreyso  awood qaybsiga u dhexeeya Heerarka kala sarreeya ee  Xukumadaha.

Waxaa kale oo Muhiim ah in la isla garto in arrinta La xiriirta Xallinta Khilaafaadka iyo Murannada ka dhax dhaca Heerarka kala duwan ee Xukumadaha uu saldhig u yahay Ku dhaqanka Dastuurka Federaalka, Gaar ahaan Qodobada ka hadlaayo Mabaadi’da Federaalka iyo iskaashiga Heerarka Xukuumadaha ee Ku Xusan Cusubka 5aad ee Dastuurka.

Ugu dambeyntii si loo Daboolo Dul duleelada muuqda, Xal kama dambeys ahna looga Gaaro Murannada Ka dhax dhasha Xukuumadaha,  Daraasadaan Gaaban waxay soo jeedineysa Arrimahaan soo socda:

• In labadaaqal ee Barlamaanka Federaalku ay u howgalaan Soo saarista sharciga iskaashiga Heerarka Xukumadaha ee uu tilmaamayo qodobka 51aad ee DFKMG
• In la Sameeyo Madasha ku Xusan isla qodobka 51aad ee DFKGSi loo xaqiijiyo jiritaanka iyo horumarinta xiriirada iskaashiga Federaaliga ah waana in la joogteeyo kulan sanadeed ay wada yeeshaan madaxda fulinta Xukuumadda Federaalka iyo Madaxda Fulinta Dawladaha xubinta ka ah Xukuumadda Federaalka.
• In khilaafaadka lagu Xalliyo Marka hore wada xaajood iyo wadahal ku dhisan niyad Sami iyo Dareen Midnimo qaran sida uu jiddeynaayo
• in loo hawlgalo dhisidda Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah oo ah Hay,adda leh awoodda ugu dambeysa ee Xallinta Khilaafaadka iyo Murannada u dhaxeeya Xukuumadaha dhaxdooda.

Wabilaahi Towfiiq

Tixraacyada Daraasadda:

• Dastuurka Federalka KMG  1 Aug,  2012
• Assefa Fisha: Ethiopian federalism 2009
• John Law: How Can We Define Federalism, Perspectives on Federalism, Vol. 5, issue 3, 2013
• Erato Kozakou-Marcoullis: Understanding Federalism: Different models-Different Challenges Advantages-Disadvantages, 21 December 2015
• Elliot Bulmer: Federalism International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer 12, © 2017 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) Second edition first published in 2015.
• Loqman Omar Hussein, The principle of Participation in Federal state, 2011.
• Böckenförde, M. et al., Max Planck Manual on Different Forms of Decentralization, 3rd edn (Heidelberg: Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2008)
• Carey, J. and Shugart, M. S., Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
• Max planck foundation for international peace and the rule of law: comparative manual on federalism in Somalia, Heidelberg, 2016
• IDEA, The federalism, May 2016 PG:14

Waqaa Qoray:  Qareen. Daahir Maxamed Cali,

Tel: 0615539570

E-mail: Daahircarab@gmail.com

[1] fiiri farqadda 1aad ee Qodobka 1aad iyo farqadda 3aad ee qodobka 3aad ee Dastuurka FKMG

[2]Max planck foundation for international peace and the rule of law: comparative manual on federalism  in Somalia, Heidelberg, 2016 P.G72

[3]IDEA, The federalism, May 2016 PG:14

[4] fiiri qodobka 48aad ee DFKMG

[5] fiiri Qodobka 50aad ee DFKMG

[6] fiiri qodobka 51aad ee Dasuutka Federaalka KMG

[7] fiiri qodobka 51aad ee DFKMG

[8] fiiri farqadda 3aad ee qodobka 51aad ee DFKMG

[9] fiiri qoddobada 61aad iyo 71aad ee DFKMG